March 25, 2025
With the declaration of a state of emergency in Rivers State by President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, many have begun to ask: what is the Catholic Church’s perspective on the use of emergency powers by a democratically elected government? While this marks approximately the twentieth instance of such a declaration in Nigeria since 1966, the question remains pertinent, especially for the country’s Catholic population, who seek to understand the Church’s stance on matters that affect their social and political lives. Indeed, the Church holds that:
“The joys and the hopes, the griefs and the anxieties of the men [woemn, and children] of this age, especially those who are poor or in any way afflicted—these are the joys and hopes, the griefs and anxieties of the followers of Christ. Indeed, nothing genuinely human fails to raise an echo in their hearts” (Gaudium et Spes, no. 1).
In the corridors of history—where power meets principle—the invocation of a state of emergency has often been a defining test of governance. It is a moment when the gavel of law trembles before the hammer of crisis, when democracy must balance order and freedom, and when leaders are summoned to wield authority not as a weapon but as a shield. The Catholic Church, ever the guardian of moral order, has spoken with depth, nuance, and unwavering ethical clarity on the necessity, limits, and responsibilities of emergency governance. Her voice, echoed through pontifical documents, conciliar teachings, and the wisdom of saints, resounds with a singular message: power must serve the common good, and law must remain the servant—not the master—of human dignity.
The Catholic Church recognizes the duty of governments to maintain order, protect citizens, and respond decisively to emergencies. In Pacem in Terris (1963), Pope John XXIII affirms that:
“Authority is required by the moral order itself and must act within the limits of that order” (no. 47).
Thus, a state of emergency cannot be an arbitrary imposition of state power but a measure conditioned by justice, necessity, and proportionality. Even in times of crisis, governments remain bound to the principles of subsidiarity and the common good.
Yet, history reveals that states of emergency often become instruments of autocracy rather than bulwarks of protection. The spectre of Julius Caesar’s perpetual dictatorship, the Napoleonic expansion of executive decrees, and the tragedies of 20th-century fascism illustrate the thin line between emergency governance and authoritarian entrenchment. Pope Pius XI, in Mit Brennender Sorge (1937), condemned the use of emergency laws by totalitarian regimes that
“subvert the very moral law they claim to defend.”
This historical awareness informs the Church’s insistence that any extraordinary use of power must remain bound to moral and constitutional norms.
At the heart of Catholic social teaching is the inviolable dignity of the human person. Gaudium et Spes (1965) proclaims that:
“The dignity of man demands that he act according to a knowing and free choice, not under blind internal impulse nor by mere external constraint” (no. 17).
If improperly exercised, a state of emergency risks subordinating this dignity to the dictates of an unchecked executive. The restriction of civil liberties, the suspension of legal protections, and the militarization of public spaces—common features of emergency rule—can easily become an affront to human rights rather than a safeguard of public safety.
Pope St. John Paul II, in Centesimus Annus (1991), explicitly warns against the overreach of state authority in times of crisis, noting that:
“Even in exceptional situations, the state cannot dispose of persons as mere instruments of security or policy” (no. 44).
This teaching is particularly relevant where emergency declarations serve as pretexts for political persecution, suppression of opposition, or indefinite centralization of power.
The principle of subsidiarity, a cornerstone of Catholic social doctrine, insists that governance must be exercised at the most immediate and appropriate level. Pope Pius XI, in Quadragesimo Anno (1931), articulates that:
“It is an injustice, a grave evil, and a disturbance of right order to assign to a greater and higher association what lesser and subordinate organizations can do” (no. 79).
This principle directly challenges the abuse of emergency powers that strip local governments of autonomy or render the judiciary impotent in holding the executive accountable.
In democratic societies, the rule of law remains the fundamental safeguard against the descent into perpetual emergency. The Catechism of the Catholic Church (no. 1904) emphasizes that:
“It is preferable that each power be balanced by other powers and by other spheres of responsibility which keep it within proper bounds.”
This theological insight aligns with constitutional jurisprudence, where emergency powers must be subject to legislative oversight, judicial review, and periodic reevaluation. The Church’s teaching demands that governments not merely declare an emergency but justify it continuously, ensuring that such measures do not erode the very freedoms they seek to protect.
A legitimate state of emergency must ultimately serve the common good—a concept deeply embedded in Catholic thought. The Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church (no. 164) defines the common good as:
“The sum total of social conditions which allow people, either as groups or as individuals, to reach their fulfillment more fully and more easily.”
Thus, emergency measures must not only be necessary but also oriented toward the restoration of normalcy. A government that declares emergencies without clear exit strategies or that benefits politically from prolonged instability violates this fundamental moral obligation.
Pope Benedict XVI, in Caritas in Veritate (2009), warns against the manipulation of crises for ideological or economic gain, stating that:
“Crises must be opportunities for discernment and new planning, not for the consolidation of unjust privileges” (no. 21).
This insight is crucial in assessing the legitimacy of emergency declarations—whether they are genuine responses to crises or tools of political maneuvering.
The Catholic Church does not oppose the use of emergency powers in governance; rather, she demands that they be exercised with prudence, justice, and a commitment to human dignity. A constitutional government, entrusted with safeguarding order, must resist the temptation to wield emergency rule as a permanent instrument of control. As Pope Francis reminds us in Evangelii Gaudium (2013):
“Authentic power is service” (no. 104).
True leadership in times of crisis is not marked by the ability to seize more power but by the wisdom to relinquish it when order is restored.
Fr. Okhueleigbe Osemhantie Ã., PhD
March 20, 2025
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